Material · Actuation & Robotics · CN AU MY CA EE GB
Dysprosium metal
A rare earth added to magnets so they keep their strength when hot. Almost entirely Chinese, and export-controlled.
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01Key numbers
Price · China FOBDysprosium oxide price, 99.5% min, FOBSource: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (2025)SourcedUSGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · 2025Open the source → USD/kg2025257 (2024) → 239 (2025).How this is computedThe latest value in a series minus the value before it, divided by the earlier value, same series and unit.257 (2024) → 239 (2025).Method →Code → vs 2024 · loosens
Oxide, not metal: USGS publishes no dysprosium metal price.
Dysprosium oxide price, 99.5% min, FOB, USD/kg, 2020 to 2025. Every value is listed in the table below. 200300400500261 USD/kg2020USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 ↗410 USD/kg2021USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 ↗382 USD/kg2022USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 ↗330 USD/kg2023USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 ↗257 USD/kg2024USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 ↗239 USD/kg2025USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 ↗Period Value Source 2025 Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (2026-02)SourcedUSGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · 2026-02Open the source → USD/kg USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 ↗ primary Dysprosium oxide, 99.5% minimum 410 382 330 257 239
USGS estimate; oxide, not metal; Argus/Asian Metal2024 Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (2026-02)SourcedUSGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · 2026-02Open the source → USD/kg USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 ↗ primary Dysprosium oxide, 99.5% minimum 410 382 330 257 239
oxide, not metal; Argus/Asian Metal2023 Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (2026-02)SourcedUSGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · 2026-02Open the source → USD/kg USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 ↗ primary Dysprosium oxide, 99.5% minimum 410 382 330 257 239
oxide, not metal; Argus/Asian Metal2022 Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (2026-02)SourcedUSGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · 2026-02Open the source → USD/kg USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 ↗ primary Dysprosium oxide, 99.5% minimum 410 382 330 257 239
oxide, not metal; Argus/Asian Metal2021 Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (2026-02)SourcedUSGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · 2026-02Open the source → USD/kg USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 ↗ primary Dysprosium oxide, 99.5% minimum 410 382 330 257 239
oxide, not metal; Argus/Asian Metal2020 Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 (2025-01)SourcedUSGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 · 2025-01Open the source → USD/kg USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 ↗ primary Dysprosium oxide, 99.5% minimum 261 410 382 330 260
oxide, not metal; column order 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024eRead from the sources Read from the source by an agent; quote matched mechanically against the fetched page; not yet reviewed by a person, 2026-09-24. Each value links the page it came from and quotes the sentence that carries it.
Price · China FOBTerbium oxide price, 99.99% min, FOBSource: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (2025)SourcedUSGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · 2025Open the source → USD/kg2025812 (2024) → 1,010 (2025).How this is computedThe latest value in a series minus the value before it, divided by the earlier value, same series and unit.812 (2024) → 1,010 (2025).Method →Code → vs 2024 · tightens
Oxide, not metal; terbium is the other heavy rare earth in high-temperature magnets.
Terbium oxide price, 99.99% min, FOB, USD/kg, 2020 to 2025. Every value is listed in the table below. 05001,0001,5002,0002,500670 USD/kg2020USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 ↗1,340 USD/kg2021USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 ↗2,050 USD/kg2022USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 ↗1,300 USD/kg2023USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 ↗812 USD/kg2024USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 ↗1,010 USD/kg2025USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 ↗Period Value Source 2025 Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (2026-02)SourcedUSGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · 2026-02Open the source → USD/kg USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 ↗ primary Terbium oxide, 99.99% minimum 1,340 2,050 1,300 812 1,010
USGS estimate; terbium, companion heavy REE to Dy; Argus/Asian Metal2024 Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (2026-02)SourcedUSGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · 2026-02Open the source → USD/kg USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 ↗ primary Terbium oxide, 99.99% minimum 1,340 2,050 1,300 812 1,010
terbium, companion heavy REE to Dy; Argus/Asian Metal2023 Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (2026-02)SourcedUSGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · 2026-02Open the source → USD/kg USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 ↗ primary Terbium oxide, 99.99% minimum 1,340 2,050 1,300 812 1,010
terbium, companion heavy REE to Dy; Argus/Asian Metal2022 Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (2026-02)SourcedUSGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · 2026-02Open the source → USD/kg USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 ↗ primary Terbium oxide, 99.99% minimum 1,340 2,050 1,300 812 1,010
terbium, companion heavy REE to Dy; Argus/Asian Metal2021 Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (2026-02)SourcedUSGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 · 2026-02Open the source → USD/kg USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 ↗ primary Terbium oxide, 99.99% minimum 1,340 2,050 1,300 812 1,010
terbium, companion heavy REE to Dy; Argus/Asian Metal2020 Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 (2025-01)SourcedUSGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 · 2025-01Open the source → USD/kg USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 ↗ primary Terbium oxide, 99.99% minimum 670 1,346 2,051 1,298 810
terbium, companion heavy REE to Dy; column order 2020 2021 2022 2023 2024eRead from the sources Read from the source by an agent; quote matched mechanically against the fetched page; not yet reviewed by a person, 2026-09-24. Each value links the page it came from and quotes the sentence that carries it.
Every series on every bottleneck — filter, compare and download.
02Why it holds things up
Heavy rare earths are a far narrower chain than light ones, feedstock included. Small volumes, no substitute for hot-running magnets, and separation concentrated in effectively one jurisdiction.
Grade that ships · ≥99% dysprosium metal. Export-licence and end-use documentation required.
Part of the process · Actuation, which takes years, at the magnet to loosen once somebody decides to.
03Severity
How this is computedSum of four judged scores, each 0–3: concentration + substitution + lead time + inelasticity.Method →Code → / 12
Heavy rare earth, Chinese and export-controlled since 2025. Grain-boundary diffusion reduces the need but does not remove it.
04How much, and where
What these figures count · ALL rare earths, mined, as rare-earth-oxide equivalent — not this element, and not separated metal. Read the stage before the number: this is mined output.
- ChinaSource: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 (2024)SourcedUSGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 · 2024Open the source → (2024)
How this is computedA place's annual production ÷ the published world total, same unit and year.Method →Code → of mined world output · reserves Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 (2024)SourcedUSGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 · 2024Open the source → · about How this is computedPublished reserves ÷ annual production, same place, unit and year.Method →Code → at this rate
- United States of AmericaSource: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 (2024)SourcedUSGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 · 2024Open the source → (2024)
How this is computedA place's annual production ÷ the published world total, same unit and year.Method →Code → of mined world output · reserves Source: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 (2024)SourcedUSGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 · 2024Open the source → · about How this is computedPublished reserves ÷ annual production, same place, unit and year.Method →Code → at this rate
- MyanmarSource: USGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 (2024, estimated by the source)SourcedUSGS Mineral Commodity Summaries 2025 · 2024, estimated by the sourceOpen the source → (2024, est.)
How this is computedA place's annual production ÷ the published world total, same unit and year.Method →Code → of mined world output
Concentration · How this is computedSum of the squares of each producer’s share of world output (0–1).Method →Code → on the Herfindahl index across 3 recorded producers, where 1.00 is a single supplier. This is arithmetic from the figures above, not the judgement shown under severity — the two are worth comparing.
All rare earths, mined, as REO equivalent. Dysprosium is a small fraction of it, and separation is downstream and far more concentrated. Figures are read 2026-09-17 from the source ↗. Reserves are not resources: what is economic to extract, not what exists.
05Who makes it
5 of 5 unsourced rows have pages the sourcing engine found that nobody has checked yet.
| Organisation | Step | Evidence | |
|---|---|---|---|
| China Rare Earth GroupNo listing found | CN | Refine | 5 found, unchecked
|
| Shenghe Resources600392 CH | CN | Refine | 20 found, unchecked
|
| Lynas Rare EarthsLYC AU | AU MY | Refine | 7 found, unchecked
|
| Neo Performance MaterialsNEO CN | CA EE | Convert | 5 found, unchecked
|
| Less Common MetalsNo listing found | GB | Convert | 3 found, unchecked
|
06What it rests on, and what rests on it
Depended on by
- Rare-earth magnet sintering
“heavy REs such as dysprosium (Dy) and terbium (Tb) are used primarily in sintered magnets to improve their resistance to demagnetization at temperatures above 120 degrees C.”
energy.gov · primary source
A recorded dependency is a sentence, not a share, a volume or a contract. Walk it on a portfolio →
07Rules that govern it
Announcement No. 18 of 2025 on export control of certain medium and heavy rare-earth items
Puts seven rare earths under licence, including dysprosium and terbium — the elements that keep a magnet strong when it gets hot.
Ministry of Commerce and General Administration of Customs ↗
08What would remove it
- Rare-earth-lean and rare-earth-free motorsEstimate by Substrata, open to challenge, 2026-09-15: Grain-boundary diffusion is standard practice and rare-earth-free traction motors are in production; the trade-off is mass and efficiency, not feasibility.Estimate, not a measurementGrain-boundary diffusion is standard practice and rare-earth-free traction motors are in production; the trade-off is mass and efficiency, not feasibility.By Substrata, open to challenge · 2026-09-15Supporting source → · Qualified and entering production
Cuts how much of the controlled element each motor needs, in some designs to zero.
09Science pipeline
judged, with a citation claimed, no citationNumber: papers, preprints and grants the feeds collected — unreviewed
- Effect of Post-Diffusion Annealing on the Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Nd-Fe-B Magnets Prepared by Grain Boundary Diffusion Process Using a Pr66Tb10(CoAlGa)24 Alloy
The effects of post-diffusion annealing on the microstructure and coercivity of sintered Nd-Fe-B magnets are investigated using a Pr66Tb10(CoAlGa)24 diffusion source. Grain boundary diffusion increases the coercivity from 8.95 to 23.20 kOe, while subsequent annealing at 500 °C…
Chinese Academy of SciencesNingbo Institute of Industrial Technology
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Dysprosium orthoferrite nanoarchitectures enable chemo-photothermal therapy and enhanced therapeutic Selectivity in triple-negative breast cancer
Karunya UniversitySaveetha University
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOIPDF
- Multifunctional Dysprosium(III) Complexes with Single-Molecule Magnetic Properties for Magnetic Resonance Imaging and Broad-Spectrum Antibacterial Applications
Abstract The development of multifunctional materials capable of integrating diagnostic and therapeutic functions is of increasing interest for advanced biomedical applications. Herein, we report the synthesis and characterization of two tetranuclear dysprosium complexes…
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Structure-guided design of a functional microenvironment in a two-dimensional dysprosium metal–organic framework toward high-performance CO2 cycloaddition catalysis
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Rational design of two-dimensional dysprosium-nitronyl nitroxide MOF with photo-thermal-electric conversion and photo-driven water evaporation
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
10What we have predicted
- 2026-09-15open until 2028-03-31
China will still require export licences for dysprosium and terbium at the end of 2027, and no non-Chinese source will supply more than a tenth of world heavy rare-earth separation capacity.
Settled by · China's published control list as it stands at the end of 2027, plus capacity figures from a body such as the US Geological Survey or a named producer's own reporting.
11Who could fund relief
Is funding the constraint? · Money is part of it
Mining is fundable and spreading. Separation and metal-making are where the concentration is, and those need capital plus a buyer willing to sign a long contract at above the Chinese price.
A mandate covering the kind of asset that would relieve this row. Not a claim that anyone has funded one, and not advice.
12What has happened
- 2026-09-10TightensPolicyCN
China’s November export controls will test whether rare-earth refining and recycling outside it can scale.
fastmarkets.com ↗secondary source
The sentence that says so
“For decades, China has been the dominant supplier of the rare earths required to produce sintered neodymium-iron-boron (NdFeB) magnets: neodymium-praseodymium (NdPr), dysprosium and terbium.”
- 2026-06-14LoosensCapacityUS
Energy Fuels begins converting White Mesa to commercial dysprosium and terbium production from July.
boerse-global.de ↗secondary source
The sentence that says so
“Energy Fuels startet im Juli die Umstellung auf die Produktion von Dysprosium und Terbium, während die Uranförderung am unteren Ende der Prognose bleibt.”
13What this holds up
- Materials qualificationone turn: Years
Worst judgement on this loop: How this is computedThe highest severity score among the bottlenecks recorded as gates on the loop.Method →Code →, judged 2026-09-15
- Printed and machined partsone turn: Hours to days
Worst judgement on this loop: How this is computedThe highest severity score among the bottlenecks recorded as gates on the loop.Method →Code →, judged 2026-09-15
A loop is one design, build and measure turn. Severity is a dated judgement on a 0–12 scale, not a measurement, and the judgements are not added together — the figure shown is the worst single one.
Discussion
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