People
Semiconductor process engineers
People who have brought a chip factory into production before. You cannot buy them and you cannot hurry them.
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01Key numbers
What the text on this page claims, and the number behind it
You cannot buy them and you cannot hurry them.
MeasuredThe SIA/Oxford Economics projection of unfilled US semiconductor jobs by 2030; not a count of process engineers specifically, which no source publishes.
US semiconductor jobs at risk of going unfilled: Source: SIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023)SourcedSIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023)Open the source → people, 2030TSMC professionals (engineers etc.) headcount (year-end): Source: TSMC Form 20-F FY2025SourcedTSMC Form 20-F FY2025Open the source → people, 31 Dec 2025
Workforce · United StatesUS semiconductor jobs at risk of going unfilledSource: SIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) (2030)SourcedSIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) · 2030Open the source → people2030 · target or forecast
Period Value Source 2030 Source: SIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) (2023-07-20)SourcedSIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) · 2023-07-20Open the source → people target or forecast SIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) ↗ primary Of these new jobs, we estimate roughly 67,000 — or 58% of projected new jobs (and 80% of projected new technical jobs) — risk going unfilled at current degree completion rates.
Projection to 2030Read from the sources Read from the source by an agent; quote matched mechanically against the fetched page; not yet reviewed by a person, 2026-09-24. Each value links the page it came from and quotes the sentence that carries it.
Workforce · United StatesUS employment, semiconductor and related device manufacturing (July, NSA)Source: US BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) (Jul 2026)SourcedUS BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) · Jul 2026Open the source → thousand peopleJul 2026196.8 (Jul 2025) → 182.1 (Jul 2026).How this is computedThe latest value in a series minus the value before it, divided by the earlier value, same series and unit.196.8 (Jul 2025) → 182.1 (Jul 2026).Method →Code → vs Jul 2025
Everyone employed in US semiconductor device manufacturing (NAICS 334413), not only process engineers.
US employment, semiconductor and related device manufacturing (July, NSA), thousand people, Jul 2019 to Jul 2026. Every value is listed in the table below. 180190200210188.4 thousand peopleJul 2019US BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) ↗187.5 thousand peopleJul 2020US BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) ↗189.2 thousand peopleJul 2021US BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) ↗203.8 thousand peopleJul 2022US BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) ↗205.1 thousand peopleJul 2023US BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) ↗207 thousand peopleJul 2024US BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) ↗196.8 thousand peopleJul 2025US BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) ↗182.1 thousand peopleJul 2026US BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) ↗Period Value Source Jul 2026 Source: US BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) (Jul 2026)SourcedUS BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) · Jul 2026Open the source → thousand people US BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) ↗ primary 2026 181.4 180.8 181.0 180.1 179.9 181.7 182.1(P)
Series title: "All employees, thousands, semiconductor and related device manufacturing, not seasonally adjusted". Quote is the table row Year Jan..Jul; value = July (7th). All employees, not only engineers. 2026 July preliminary. Accessed 2026-09-24.Jul 2025 Source: US BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) (Jul 2025)SourcedUS BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) · Jul 2025Open the source → thousand people US BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) ↗ primary 2025 198.5 197.0 197.5 196.0 195.9 196.5 196.8
Series title: "All employees, thousands, semiconductor and related device manufacturing, not seasonally adjusted". Quote is the table row Year Jan..Jul; value = July (7th). All employees, not only engineers. Accessed 2026-09-24.Jul 2024 Source: US BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) (Jul 2024)SourcedUS BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) · Jul 2024Open the source → thousand people US BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) ↗ primary 2024 202.3 202.3 202.8 202.2 203.0 205.8 207.0
Series title: "All employees, thousands, semiconductor and related device manufacturing, not seasonally adjusted". Quote is the table row Year Jan..Jul; value = July (7th). All employees, not only engineers. Accessed 2026-09-24.Jul 2023 Source: US BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) (Jul 2023)SourcedUS BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) · Jul 2023Open the source → thousand people US BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) ↗ primary 2023 205.9 204.7 203.7 202.3 203.1 204.3 205.1
Series title: "All employees, thousands, semiconductor and related device manufacturing, not seasonally adjusted". Quote is the table row Year Jan..Jul; value = July (7th). All employees, not only engineers. Accessed 2026-09-24.Jul 2022 Source: US BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) (Jul 2022)SourcedUS BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) · Jul 2022Open the source → thousand people US BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) ↗ primary 2022 192.2 193.2 194.6 195.2 196.7 200.7 203.8
Series title: "All employees, thousands, semiconductor and related device manufacturing, not seasonally adjusted". Quote is the table row Year Jan..Jul; value = July (7th). All employees, not only engineers. Accessed 2026-09-24.Jul 2021 Source: US BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) (Jul 2021)SourcedUS BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) · Jul 2021Open the source → thousand people US BLS Current Employment Statistics, series CEU3133441301 (NAICS 334413) ↗ primary 2021 185.0 184.6 185.5 185.3 186.9 188.5 189.2
Series title: "All employees, thousands, semiconductor and related device manufacturing, not seasonally adjusted". Quote is the table row Year Jan..Jul; value = July (7th). All employees, not only engineers. Accessed 2026-09-24.Read from the sources Read from the source by an agent; quote matched mechanically against the fetched page; not yet reviewed by a person, 2026-09-24. Each value links the page it came from and quotes the sentence that carries it.
Workforce · company: TSMCTSMC full-time employees (year-end)Source: TSMC Form 20-F FY2025 (31 Dec 2025)SourcedTSMC Form 20-F FY2025 · 31 Dec 2025Open the source → people31 Dec 202583,825 (31 Dec 2024) → 90,557 (31 Dec 2025).How this is computedThe latest value in a series minus the value before it, divided by the earlier value, same series and unit.83,825 (31 Dec 2024) → 90,557 (31 Dec 2025).Method →Code → vs 31 Dec 2024
All TSMC employees, not only process engineers.
TSMC full-time employees (year-end), people, 31 Dec 2020 to 31 Dec 2025. Every value is listed in the table below. 40,00060,00080,000100,00056,831 people31 Dec 2020TSMC Form 20-F FY2022 ↗65,152 people31 Dec 2021TSMC Form 20-F FY2022 ↗73,090 people31 Dec 2022TSMC Form 20-F FY2022 ↗76,478 people31 Dec 2023TSMC Form 20-F FY2025 ↗83,825 people31 Dec 2024TSMC Form 20-F FY2024 ↗90,557 people31 Dec 2025TSMC Form 20-F FY2025 ↗Period Value Source 31 Dec 2025 Source: TSMC Form 20-F FY2025 (2026-04-16)SourcedTSMC Form 20-F FY2025 · 2026-04-16Open the source → people TSMC Form 20-F FY2025 ↗ primary Technicians 22,575 24,404 24,917 Total 76,478 83,825 90,557
Columns: 2023 2024 202531 Dec 2024 Source: TSMC Form 20-F FY2024 (2025-04-17)SourcedTSMC Form 20-F FY2024 · 2025-04-17Open the source → people TSMC Form 20-F FY2024 ↗ primary Technicians 21,941 22,575 24,404 Total 73,090 76,478 83,825
Columns: 2022 2023 202431 Dec 2023 Source: TSMC Form 20-F FY2025 (2026-04-16)SourcedTSMC Form 20-F FY2025 · 2026-04-16Open the source → people TSMC Form 20-F FY2025 ↗ primary Technicians 22,575 24,404 24,917 Total 76,478 83,825 90,557
Columns: 2023 2024 202531 Dec 2022 Source: TSMC Form 20-F FY2022 (2023-04-20)SourcedTSMC Form 20-F FY2022 · 2023-04-20Open the source → people TSMC Form 20-F FY2022 ↗ primary Technicians 18,375 19,977 21,941 Total 56,831 65,152 73,090
Columns: 2020 2021 202231 Dec 2021 Source: TSMC Form 20-F FY2022 (2023-04-20)SourcedTSMC Form 20-F FY2022 · 2023-04-20Open the source → people TSMC Form 20-F FY2022 ↗ primary Technicians 18,375 19,977 21,941 Total 56,831 65,152 73,090
Columns: 2020 2021 202231 Dec 2020 Source: TSMC Form 20-F FY2022 (2023-04-20)SourcedTSMC Form 20-F FY2022 · 2023-04-20Open the source → people TSMC Form 20-F FY2022 ↗ primary Technicians 18,375 19,977 21,941 Total 56,831 65,152 73,090
Columns: 2020 2021 2022Read from the sources Read from the source by an agent; quote matched mechanically against the fetched page; not yet reviewed by a person, 2026-09-24. Each value links the page it came from and quotes the sentence that carries it.
Workforce · United StatesUS semiconductor industry workforceSource: SIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) (2030)SourcedSIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) · 2030Open the source → people2030 · target or forecast345,000 (2023) → 460,000 (2030).How this is computedThe latest value in a series minus the value before it, divided by the earlier value, same series and unit.345,000 (2023) → 460,000 (2030).Method →Code → vs 2023
US semiconductor industry workforce, people, 2023 to 2030. Every value is listed in the table below. 300,000350,000400,000450,000500,000345,000 people2023SIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) ↗460,000 people2030SIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) ↗Period Value Source 2030 Source: SIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) (2023-07-20)SourcedSIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) · 2023-07-20Open the source → people target or forecast SIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) ↗ primary from approximately 345,000 jobs today to approximately 460,000 jobs by the end of the decade, representing 33% growth
Projection2023 Source: SIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) (2023-07-20)SourcedSIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) · 2023-07-20Open the source → people SIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) ↗ primary from approximately 345,000 jobs today to approximately 460,000 jobs by the end of the decade, representing 33% growth
"today" = 2023 baselineRead from the sources Read from the source by an agent; quote matched mechanically against the fetched page; not yet reviewed by a person, 2026-09-24. Each value links the page it came from and quotes the sentence that carries it.
Workforce · company: TSMCTSMC professionals (engineers etc.) headcount (year-end)Source: TSMC Form 20-F FY2025 (31 Dec 2025)SourcedTSMC Form 20-F FY2025 · 31 Dec 2025Open the source → people31 Dec 2025
Period Value Source 31 Dec 2025 Source: TSMC Form 20-F FY2025 (2026-04-16)SourcedTSMC Form 20-F FY2025 · 2026-04-16Open the source → people TSMC Form 20-F FY2025 ↗ primary Professionals 36,807 40,477 44,690
Columns 2023 2024 2025; "Professionals" categoryRead from the sources Read from the source by an agent; quote matched mechanically against the fetched page; not yet reviewed by a person, 2026-09-24. Each value links the page it came from and quotes the sentence that carries it.
Workforce · United StatesShare of unfilled US semiconductor jobs that are four-year engineers/computer scientistsSource: SIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) (2030)SourcedSIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) · 2030Open the source → %2030 · target or forecast
Period Value Source 2030 Source: SIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) (2023-07-20)SourcedSIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) · 2023-07-20Open the source → % target or forecast SIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) ↗ primary 35% will be engineers with four-year degrees or computer scientists
Additionally 26% are master/PhD-level engineersRead from the sources Read from the source by an agent; quote matched mechanically against the fetched page; not yet reviewed by a person, 2026-09-24. Each value links the page it came from and quotes the sentence that carries it.
1 (Computed: Count of dated values in a series, or of series matching the filters, across the committed corpus and the official statistics fetched on schedule.) more series on this bottleneck
Workforce · United StatesShare of unfilled US semiconductor jobs that are techniciansSource: SIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) (2030)SourcedSIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) · 2030Open the source → %2030 · target or forecast
Period Value Source 2030 Source: SIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) (2023-07-20)SourcedSIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) · 2023-07-20Open the source → % target or forecast SIA / Oxford Economics, Chipping Away (2023) ↗ primary Of the unfilled jobs, 39% will be technicians, most of whom will have certificates or two-year degrees
Read from the sources Read from the source by an agent; quote matched mechanically against the fetched page; not yet reviewed by a person, 2026-09-24. Each value links the page it came from and quotes the sentence that carries it.
Every series on every bottleneck — filter, compare and download.
02Why it holds things up
The constraint nobody can buy. A fab ramp moves at the speed of people who have done it before, which is why capacity announcements and capacity slip on different clocks.
Part of the process · Talent, which takes years to loosen once somebody decides to.
03Severity
How this is computedSum of four judged scores, each 0–3: concentration + substitution + lead time + inelasticity.Method →Code → / 12
The constraint nobody can buy. Fab ramps move at the speed of people who have done one before.
04Rules that govern it
No rule has been researched for this one yet.
Policy coverage is being built jurisdiction by jurisdiction.
05What would remove it
No candidate relief has been written up for this one yet.
06Who could fund relief
Is funding the constraint? · Money is not the constraint
Money raises salaries, which moves people between employers without creating any. The constraint is years of experience, and there is no market in that.
A mandate covering the kind of asset that would relieve this row. Not a claim that anyone has funded one, and not advice.
07What has happened
Nothing recorded about this one yet.
Events are added when a source is read and accepted by hand.
08What this holds up
- Siliconone turn: Months
Worst judgement on this loop: How this is computedThe highest severity score among the bottlenecks recorded as gates on the loop.Method →Code →, judged 2026-09-15
A loop is one design, build and measure turn. Severity is a dated judgement on a 0–12 scale, not a measurement, and the judgements are not added together — the figure shown is the worst single one.
Discussion
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