Two-phase dielectric immersion coolant
An engineered liquid that servers are submerged in, which boils to carry heat away. The main maker has left the business.
judged, with a citation claimed, no citationNumber: papers, preprints and grants the feeds collected — unreviewed
Searched for “two-phase immersion cooling”, “immersion cooling”, “dielectric coolant” in titles and abstracts.
All stagesFundamental researchApplied / labPilot / demonstrationEarly commercialAt scaleNewestMost cited
Fundamental research — readiness 1 to 2 of the nine-point scale. Evidence it takes: A paper or preprint on the underlying physics or chemistry; a basic-research grant.
Directory companies in this research
- IntelINTC USvia Intel1 (Computed: Items per institution per bottleneck, counting each item once per institution named on it by the source; a company is matched to the directory only when every distinguishing word of both names agrees.) itemlatest 2024-04-05
Named on a collected paper or grant, matched to the directory by the strict name rule. A company not in the directory, or spelled differently by the source, is not shown here.
Collected by the feeds
- Suppression of thermal runaway in lithium-ion battery modules using zonal variable flow immersion cooling
The temperature sensitivity of lithium-ion battery modules is well recognized, and the requirements under normal operation and extreme thermal runaway conditions cannot be simultaneously satisfied by conventional thermal management strategies. A baffle-assisted zonal…
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Experimental and simulation study of a multichannel immersion cooling system for hot spot mitigation in energy storage batteries
The immersion battery thermal management (BTMS) system exhibits significant application potential in high-capacity energy storage systems. However, the inlet and outlet temperature effects of the coolant and the heat generation characteristics of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs)…
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Geometric optimization of passive liquid-immersion housing to mitigate thermal runaway propagation in high energy density battery modules
With the rapid growth of the micro-mobility and electric vehicle (EV) markets, high-density packaging of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) and suppression of thermal runaway propagation (TRP) have become critical challenges. Although conventional indirect liquid-immersion cooling…
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- A physics-constrained surrogate for subcooled flow boiling in low-GWP immersion cooling microchannels: FiLM conditioning and gradient-balanced training
In liquid immersion cooling with the low-GWP refrigerant R1233zd(E), the onset of nucleate boiling (ONB) governs both the wall temperature and the thermal margin. A real-time digital twin needs a fast differentiable surrogate of the boiling closure rather than repeated evaluation…
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Coupled effects of inclination and vertical vibration on immersion cooling performance of lithium-ion batteries
Immersion cooling is an effective thermal management strategy for lithium-ion batteries under high-rate discharge. In electric vehicles, mechanical vibration and battery pack inclination are unavoidable and can alter coolant flow distribution and convective heat transfer around…
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Experimental and Numerical Study on Energy Performance and Thermal Stability of an Immersion Cooling in Data Center
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Research on the performance and optimization of single-phase immersion liquid cooling systems for high-TDP multi-GPU servers
To address the cooling requirements of high-power graphics processing unit (GPU) servers, a three-dimensional conjugate heat-transfer computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model was developed for a single-phase immersion cooling (SPIC) system containing two printed circuit boards…
Zhongyuan University of Technology
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Battery Immersion Cooling Enhanced by Micro Heat Pipe Arrays and Localized Metal Foam
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Structural optimization of a fin-enhanced immersion cooling battery thermal management system for high-rate lithium-ion battery packs
High-rate operation of lithium-ion batteries can generate substantial heat, making effective temperature control and thermal uniformity essential for safe and reliable battery operation. Immersion liquid cooling provides direct contact between the coolant and battery surfaces…
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Coupled effects of surface structuring and capillary-length-scale confinement on pool boiling heat transfer and critical heat flux of HFE-7100
Confined boiling is common in compact immersion-cooling systems, where reducing the available vapor space can simultaneously advance boiling incipience and intensify vapor congestion. However, it remains unclear how surface structuring alters the confinement response as the gap…
Changsha University of Science and Technology
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Effect of immersion height on thermal runaway triggered by overcharge in LiFePO4 batteries
Immersion cooling (IC) is an effective strategy for suppressing thermal runaway (TR) in lithium-ion batteries. However, the influence of immersion height on TR behavior has received limited attention, especially under partial immersion conditions, and the combined effects of…
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Proposal for a new cooling method for water-cooled PCs, and AI data centers
Four-part paper 2026.05.05Technical Abstract: The Physical Inevitability of Autonomous Water-Cooling in Next-Generation AI Infrastructure The final volume of this four-part series establishes the absolute mathematical and thermodynamic necessity of the 4mm-2mm Purified Autonomous…
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOIalso at doi.orgalso at doi.orgalso at doi.org
- Model development and application of a comprehensive performance evaluation framework for immersion cooling data centers
Existing studies on immersion cooling data centers have advanced heat transfer analysis, system modeling, and operational optimization, but multi-cabinet thermal heterogeneity, coordinated system operation, and thermal safety assessment remain insufficiently integrated. This…
University of Shanghai for Science and TechnologyShanghai Research Institute of Building Sciences (China)
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Surrogate-assisted multi-objective optimization of a perforated plate for enhanced jet-immersion cooling of high-energy-density batteries
North China Electric Power University
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- A fast reduction prediction method for saturation boiling characteristics of finned heat sink in submerged servers based on POD-surrogate model
In order to overcome the difficulty to quickly predict the saturation boiling characteristics inside finned heat sink under phase transition and multi physics coupling conditions, a reduced-order prediction method combining Proper Orthogonal Decomposition (POD) with surrogate…
Thermal Power Research InstituteEast China Jiaotong UniversityYancheng Teachers UniversityYancheng Institute of Technology
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Thermal-hydraulic enhancement of immersion-cooled cylindrical lithium-ion battery modules using end-face copper layers and arc-shaped inlet deflectors
Immersion cooling delivers high heat transfer efficiency and promising application potential for lightweight and compact liquid cooling systems of vehicle lithium-ion batteries. However, conventional single-inlet/single-outlet cooling configurations may lead to non-uniform…
Universiti Sains MalaysiaUniversiti Malaysia Perlis
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Experimental investigation of a heat-pipe-integrated two-phase immersion cooling system for high-power data-center applications
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Suppression of Thermal Runaway Propagation in Large-Capacity Battery Energy Storage Systems Using Immersion Cooling
Thermal runaway propagation in large-capacity battery energy storage systems can be driven by casing conduction, vented products, and pack-level thermal coupling. This study experimentally evaluated whether a static dielectric-liquid boundary can prevent propagation between 314…
Tsinghua UniversityState Administration for Market RegulationBeihang University
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- A Hybrid Battery Thermal Management System Coupling Static Immersion and Refrigerant-Based Direct Cooling: Flow Distribution Regulation and Multi-Objective Optimization
To address the limitations of individual battery thermal management technologies, this study proposes a hybrid battery thermal management system coupling static immersion cooling with refrigerant-based direct cooling. The system employs parallel upper and lower direct cooling…
North China Electric Power UniversityECSI Fibrotools (United States)Ministry of Emergency Management of the People's Republic of China
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Numerical study of baffle immersion cooling structure based on multi-objective optimization
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- A hybrid immersion cooling assisted by liquid-liquid encapsulation: A game changer for thermal management of transient hotspots
HYPOTHESIS: Transient hotspots increasingly limit next-generation electronic and energy systems, where localized heat bursts can outpace conventional immersion cooling. Single-phase immersion cooling lacks sufficient localized cooling capacity, whereas two-phase immersion cooling…
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOIPDF
- Water Usage and Environmental Impact of Data Centers: Sustainability Challenges and Pathways for Developing Countries
The rapid global expansion of cloud computing and artificial intelligence has transformed data centers into critical infrastructure, but this growth carries a largely underappreciated environmental cost: intensive freshwater consumption. This paper presents a structured review of…
International Islamic University Chittagong
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOIPDF
- Externally aerated single-phase immersion cooling for enhanced battery thermal performance: An experimental study
North China Electric Power University
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Sensitivity analysis of liquid-to-air and liquid-to-liquid cooling metrics under multilayer perceptron hyperparameter tuning for mobile and IoT-driven data centers
Abstract Modern data centers are facing unprecedented pressure. Artificial Intelligence (AI), high-performance computing, edge systems, and compact servers are increasing energy consumption and generating more heat. Conventional cooling methods cannot meet these demands. As rack…
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOIPDF
- Covalently grafted γ-Al2O3 Nanofluid with enhanced dispersion stability and thermal conductivity for immersion cooling of lithium-ion batteries
Nanjing Tech UniversityUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaTianjin University
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Toxicological and environmental evaluation of the two-phase immersion cooling fluid HFO-153-10mczz-E
HFO-153-10mczz-E (decafluoro-3-hexene) is a volatile, nonflammable hydrofluoroolefin (HFO) developed as a dielectric fluid in heat transfer applications, such as two-phase immersion cooling (2-PIC). Its high vapor pressure and low water solubility indicate that inhalation is the…
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOIPDF
- NUCLEUS-MoE: Unified Model of Pool Boiling for Liquid Cooling
Two-phase boiling enables heat transfer rates an order of magnitude higher than single-phase cooling, but it remains difficult to model due to the strong coupling between phase change, turbulence, and transport, as well as extreme sensitivity to fluid properties and thermodynamic…
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From arXiv · not yet reviewedPDF
- 1.1 kW, 100 Hz room-temperature diode-pumped nanosecond laser by water immersion cooling
We report a room-temperature diode-pumped solid-state laser by water immersion cooling, which delivers a pulse energy of 11 J at the repetition rate of 100 Hz and the pulse duration of 7 ns, while the beam quality factor is 2.6 times the diffraction limit. To the best of our…
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From arXiv · not yet reviewedPDF
- Towards a Generalizable AI for Materials Discovery: Validation through Immersion Coolant Screening
Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a powerful accelerator of materials discovery, yet most existing models remain problem-specific, requiring additional data collection and retraining for each new property. Here we introduce and validate GATE (Geometrically Aligned…
LG AI Research, Republic of KoreaKyonggi University, Republic of Korea
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From arXiv · not yet reviewedPDF
- Advances in battery thermal management for electric vehicles: A comprehensive review of hybrid PCM-metal foam and immersion cooling technologies
Ajou UniversityKorea University
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- DRIVE: DiRect contact Immersion cooling of electric VEhicle batteries - a novel approach for improved thermal management and performance
Fundamental research · Research grant.From OpenAIRE (EU and national funders) · not yet reviewedalso at explore.openaire.eu
- Multi-Physics Numerical Analysis of Single-phase Immersion Cooling for Thermal Management of Li-Ion Batteries
Battery thermal management systems (BTMSs) are critical for efficient and safe operation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs), especially for fast charging/discharging applications that generate significant heating within the cell. Forced immersion cooling, where a dielectric fluid…
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From arXiv · not yet reviewedDOIPDF
- Liquid cooling of data centers: A necessity facing challenges
The evolving data generation landscape requires faster and more efficient microprocessors, prompting innovative manufacturing methods for smaller and faster transistors. Transistor congestion and rising demand for parallel processing are pushing the thermal design power of…
Auburn UniversityÖzyeğin UniversityIntel (United States)Intel in the directoryINTC USvia Intel
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Single-phase static immersion cooling for cylindrical lithium-ion battery module
Hong Kong Polytechnic UniversityShenzhen Polytechnic UniversitySoutheast University
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Hybrid single-phase immersion cooling structure for battery thermal management under fast-charging conditions
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Sustainable Edge Computing: Challenges and Future Directions
An increasing amount of data is being injected into the network from IoT (Internet of Things) applications. Many of these applications, developed to improve society's quality of life, are latency-critical and inject large amounts of data into the network. These requirements of…
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From arXiv · not yet reviewedDOIPDF
- Graphene enhanced immersion cooling for data centers
Purpose and goal: Thermal management for servers still uses air cooling with heat sinks attached to the electronics components. The heat sink design is different in immersion liquid, and the temperature difference between the microprocessor and the surrounding dielectric coolant…
Fundamental research · Research grant.From OpenAIRE (EU and national funders) · not yet reviewed
- Experimental investigation and comparative analysis of immersion cooling of lithium-ion batteries using mineral and therminol oil
National Institute of Technology Tiruchirappalli
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Enough Hot Air: The Role of Immersion Cooling
Air cooling is the traditional solution to chill servers in data centers. However, the continuous increase in global data center energy consumption combined with the increase of the racks' power dissipation calls for the use of more efficient alternatives. Immersion cooling is…
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From arXiv · not yet reviewedPDF
- Experimental studies of liquid immersion cooling for 18650 lithium-ion battery under different discharging conditions
In this study, fluorinated liquid immersion cooling as a new cooling scheme has been tested and discussed for cooling the 18650 lithium-ion battery (LIB). SF33, with the boiling point of 33.4 °C, is chosen as the liquid for the immersion cooling. Comparison of the SF33 immersion…
Dalian University of TechnologyXi'an Jiaotong UniversityCarnegie Mellon University
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOIPDF
- The immersion cooling technology: Current and future development in energy saving
The world's energy consumption shows an increasing trend. Unfortunately, it is still dominated by the use of fossil energy. This condition results in concerns that an energy crisis will occur due to running out of non-renewable energy and an environmental crisis of global…
Sebelas Maret UniversityIndonesia University of EducationBandung Institute of Technology
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI
- Immersion cooling for lithium-ion batteries – A review
Battery thermal management systems are critical for high performance electric vehicles, where the ability to remove heat and homogenise temperature distributions in single cells and packs are key considerations. Immersion cooling, which submerges the battery in a dielectric…
Dyson (United Kingdom)Imperial College LondonTsinghua UniversityShell (Germany)Shell (United Kingdom)
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOIPDF
- Numerical analysis of single-phase liquid immersion cooling for lithium-ion battery thermal management using different dielectric fluids
PSG INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY AND APPLIED RESEARCHPSG College of Technology
Fundamental research · No laboratory or pilot wording.From OpenAlex · not yet reviewedDOI