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Work on this bottleneck

Heavy-duty gas turbine order books

How this is computedA posting is filed under a bottleneck when its title names one of that bottleneck’s terms, or its description names them at least twice (title only for software and business roles); its role family is the first family whose title terms its title names.Method →Code → open roles filed here · Why it binds, and who holds it

The fastest way to add firm power at scale. The largest maker’s order book runs years ahead of what it can build.

The roles it needs

Judged by Substrata, open to challenge · 2026-09-24 · not reviewed by anyone who hires for it

What these postings ask for

Counted across the open roles above, by a published list of terms

Named in postingsKindPostingsShare
Schematics and electrical troubleshootingSkillHow this is computedFor each skill or credential in the published list, the number of open postings whose title or description names any of its terms.Method →Code →How this is computedFor each skill or credential in the published list, the number of open postings whose title or description names any of its terms.Method →Code →
High-voltage workSkillHow this is computedFor each skill or credential in the published list, the number of open postings whose title or description names any of its terms.Method →Code →How this is computedFor each skill or credential in the published list, the number of open postings whose title or description names any of its terms.Method →Code →
NFPA 70E / arc-flashCredentialHow this is computedFor each skill or credential in the published list, the number of open postings whose title or description names any of its terms.Method →Code →How this is computedFor each skill or credential in the published list, the number of open postings whose title or description names any of its terms.Method →Code →
Protection and relaysSkillHow this is computedFor each skill or credential in the published list, the number of open postings whose title or description names any of its terms.Method →Code →How this is computedFor each skill or credential in the published list, the number of open postings whose title or description names any of its terms.Method →Code →
Bachelor’s degree askedCredentialHow this is computedFor each skill or credential in the published list, the number of open postings whose title or description names any of its terms.Method →Code →How this is computedFor each skill or credential in the published list, the number of open postings whose title or description names any of its terms.Method →Code →
FMEA / root-cause analysisSkillHow this is computedFor each skill or credential in the published list, the number of open postings whose title or description names any of its terms.Method →Code →How this is computedFor each skill or credential in the published list, the number of open postings whose title or description names any of its terms.Method →Code →
PLC and industrial controlsSkillHow this is computedFor each skill or credential in the published list, the number of open postings whose title or description names any of its terms.Method →Code →How this is computedFor each skill or credential in the published list, the number of open postings whose title or description names any of its terms.Method →Code →
Power-system studies (PSS/E, ETAP, PSCAD)SkillHow this is computedFor each skill or credential in the published list, the number of open postings whose title or description names any of its terms.Method →Code →How this is computedFor each skill or credential in the published list, the number of open postings whose title or description names any of its terms.Method →Code →
Electrical licence / journeyman cardCredentialHow this is computedFor each skill or credential in the published list, the number of open postings whose title or description names any of its terms.Method →Code →How this is computedFor each skill or credential in the published list, the number of open postings whose title or description names any of its terms.Method →Code →
Pneumatics and hydraulicsSkillHow this is computedFor each skill or credential in the published list, the number of open postings whose title or description names any of its terms.Method →Code →How this is computedFor each skill or credential in the published list, the number of open postings whose title or description names any of its terms.Method →Code →

Mechanical, robotics and manufacturing: the official record

What O*NET and ESCO say the work is and needs

O*NET 17-2199.08 · ISCO 2149.13

Robotics Engineers

Research, design, develop, or test robotic applications.

Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed. Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.

Core tasks

  • Review or approve designs, calculations, or cost estimates.
  • Process or interpret signals or sensor data.
  • Debug robotics programs.

Most important knowledge

  • Engineering and Technology
  • Design
  • Computers and Electronics
  • Mechanical
  • Mathematics

Essential skills in ESCO: robotics engineer

  • perform scientific research
  • mechanical engineering
  • design automation components
  • use technical drawing software
  • approve engineering design
  • assess financial viability
  • robotics
  • robotic components
  • adjust engineering designs
  • mechanics
  • execute feasibility study
  • technical drawings
  • engineering principles
  • engineering processes

O*NET 31.0 Database (US Department of Labor, CC BY 4.0) · ESCO API, European Commission

O*NET 17-3024.01 · ISCO 3119.2.1

Robotics Technicians

Build, install, test, or maintain robotic equipment or related automated production systems.

Job Zone Three: Medium Preparation Needed. Most occupations in this zone require training in vocational schools, related on-the-job experience, or an associate's degree.

Core tasks

  • Make repairs to robots or peripheral equipment, such as replacement of defective circuit boards, sensors, controllers, encoders, or servomotors.
  • Troubleshoot robotic systems, using knowledge of microprocessors, programmable controllers, electronics, circuit analysis, mechanics, sensor or feedback systems, hydraulics, or pneumatics.
  • Install, program, or repair programmable controllers, robot controllers, end-of-arm tools, or conveyors.

Most important knowledge

  • Computers and Electronics
  • Engineering and Technology
  • Mechanical
  • Design
  • Mathematics

Essential skills in ESCO: robotics engineering technician

  • read assembly drawings
  • assemble robots
  • set up machine controls
  • test mechatronic units
  • electronics
  • assist scientific research
  • mechatronics
  • follow safety standards in industrial contexts
  • inspect quality of products
  • adjust engineering designs
  • design drawings
  • fasten components
  • record test data
  • monitor machine operations

O*NET 31.0 Database (US Department of Labor, CC BY 4.0) · ESCO API, European Commission

O*NET 51-4041.00 · ISCO 7223.8

Machinists

Set up and operate a variety of machine tools to produce precision parts and instruments out of metal. Includes precision instrument makers who fabricate, modify, or repair mechanical instruments. May also fabricate and modify parts to make or repair machine tools or maintain industrial machines, applying knowledge of mechanics, mathematics, metal properties, layout, and machining procedures.

Job Zone Three: Medium Preparation Needed. Most occupations in this zone require training in vocational schools, related on-the-job experience, or an associate's degree.

Core tasks

  • Calculate dimensions or tolerances, using instruments, such as micrometers or vernier calipers.
  • Machine parts to specifications, using machine tools, such as lathes, milling machines, shapers, or grinders.
  • Measure, examine, or test completed units to check for defects and ensure conformance to specifications, using precision instruments, such as micrometers.

Most important knowledge

  • Mathematics
  • Mechanical
  • Production and Processing
  • Design
  • Engineering and Technology

Essential skills in ESCO: gear machinist

  • consult technical resources
  • mechanics
  • troubleshoot
  • types of metal
  • remove processed workpiece
  • secure working area
  • supply machine with appropriate tools
  • monitor automated machines
  • set up the controller of a machine
  • perform test run
  • supply machine

O*NET 31.0 Database (US Department of Labor, CC BY 4.0) · ESCO API, European Commission

Field service and equipment: the official record

What O*NET and ESCO say the work is and needs

O*NET 49-2094.00 · ISCO 2433.1

Electrical and Electronics Repairers, Commercial and Industrial Equipment

Repair, test, adjust, or install electronic equipment, such as industrial controls, transmitters, and antennas.

Job Zone Three: Medium Preparation Needed. Most occupations in this zone require training in vocational schools, related on-the-job experience, or an associate's degree.

Core tasks

  • Test faulty equipment to diagnose malfunctions, using test equipment or software, and applying knowledge of the functional operation of electronic units and systems.
  • Maintain equipment logs that record performance problems, repairs, calibrations, or tests.
  • Set up and test industrial equipment to ensure that it functions properly.

Most important knowledge

  • Computers and Electronics
  • Mechanical
  • Production and Processing
  • Customer and Personal Service
  • Mathematics

Essential skills in ESCO: after-sales service technician

  • execute after sales activities
  • maintenance and repair
  • characteristics of services
  • advise on merchandise features
  • create solutions to problems
  • customer service
  • product comprehension
  • contact customers
  • characteristics of products
  • customer relationship management
  • implement sales strategies
  • implement customer follow-up
  • communicate with customers
  • provide customer follow-up services

O*NET 31.0 Database (US Department of Labor, CC BY 4.0) · ESCO API, European Commission

O*NET 49-9041.00 · ISCO 7233.7

Industrial Machinery Mechanics

Repair, install, adjust, or maintain industrial production and processing machinery or refinery and pipeline distribution systems. May also install, dismantle, or move machinery and heavy equipment according to plans.

Job Zone Three: Medium Preparation Needed. Most occupations in this zone require training in vocational schools, related on-the-job experience, or an associate's degree.

Core tasks

  • Repair or maintain the operating condition of industrial production or processing machinery or equipment.
  • Repair or replace broken or malfunctioning components of machinery or equipment.
  • Clean, lubricate, or adjust parts, equipment, or machinery.

Most important knowledge

  • Mechanical
  • English Language
  • Production and Processing
  • Engineering and Technology
  • Design

Essential skills in ESCO: industrial machinery mechanic

  • use testing equipment
  • resolve equipment malfunctions
  • inspect industrial equipment
  • perform test run
  • perform maintenance on installed equipment
  • troubleshoot
  • secure working area
  • pneumatics
  • mechanics
  • electricity
  • hydraulics
  • electrical wiring plans
  • conduct routine machinery checks
  • write records for repairs

O*NET 31.0 Database (US Department of Labor, CC BY 4.0) · ESCO API, European Commission

Power and grid engineering: the official record

What O*NET and ESCO say the work is and needs

O*NET 17-2071.00 · ISCO 2151.1.5

Electrical Engineers

Research, design, develop, test, or supervise the manufacturing and installation of electrical equipment, components, or systems for commercial, industrial, military, or scientific use.

Job Zone Four: Considerable Preparation Needed. Most of these occupations require a four-year bachelor's degree, but some do not.

Core tasks

  • Design, implement, maintain, or improve electrical instruments, equipment, facilities, components, products, or systems for commercial, industrial, or domestic purposes.
  • Oversee project production efforts to assure projects are completed on time and within budget.
  • Direct or coordinate manufacturing, construction, installation, maintenance, support, documentation, or testing activities to ensure compliance with specifications, codes, or customer requirements.

Most important knowledge

  • Engineering and Technology
  • Computers and Electronics
  • Design
  • English Language
  • Mathematics

Essential skills in ESCO: power distribution engineer

  • ensure compliance with safety legislation
  • assess financial viability
  • engineering principles
  • identify customer's needs
  • ensure compliance with environmental legislation
  • power engineering
  • change power distribution systems
  • engineering processes
  • electrical engineering
  • ensure safety in electrical power operations
  • manage electricity transmission system
  • electrical power safety regulations
  • inspect overhead power lines
  • supervise electricity distribution operations

O*NET 31.0 Database (US Department of Labor, CC BY 4.0) · ESCO API, European Commission

O*NET 51-8012.00 · ISCO 2151.1.6

Power Distributors and Dispatchers

Coordinate, regulate, or distribute electricity or steam.

Job Zone Three: Medium Preparation Needed. Most occupations in this zone require training in vocational schools, related on-the-job experience, or an associate's degree.

Core tasks

  • Coordinate with engineers, planners, field personnel, or other utility workers to provide information such as clearances, switching orders, or distribution process changes.
  • Respond to emergencies, such as transformer or transmission line failures, and route current around affected areas.
  • Control, monitor, or operate equipment that regulates or distributes electricity or steam, using data obtained from instruments or computers.

Most important knowledge

  • English Language
  • Public Safety and Security
  • Mathematics
  • Computers and Electronics
  • Telecommunications

Essential skills in ESCO: substation engineer

  • make electrical calculations
  • create AutoCAD drawings
  • use technical drawing software
  • mechanical engineering
  • manage engineering project
  • engineering principles
  • inspect facility sites
  • electrical engineering
  • electrical discharge
  • electric current
  • electricity consumption
  • mechanics
  • perform project management
  • ensure compliance with environmental legislation

O*NET 31.0 Database (US Department of Labor, CC BY 4.0) · ESCO API, European Commission

Where to train

Public programmes for these role families, each on its official page

Apprenticeship · United States

Technician Apprenticeship Program ↗

TSMC Arizona

Registered apprenticeship, paid hourly: 12-18 months for equipment/process tracks (a 36-48-month track is also listed)

On-the-job training at TSMC AZ plus related technical instruction via Estrella Mountain CC, Rio Salado College and Northern Arizona University; requires 18+ and high school diploma/GED.

Official page checked 2026-09-24. Listed, not reviewed or endorsed.

Apprenticeship · Netherlands

Work-study (BBL & duaal leerwerk) at ASML ↗

ASML

2-3 year mbo (BBL) or 4-year hbo work-study; 4 days work + 1 day school; salary EUR 2,549-2,800, tuition paid

Earn an officially recognised mbo or hbo diploma while working in ASML's Veldhoven cleanrooms, with the prospect of a permanent contract.

Official page checked 2026-09-24. Listed, not reviewed or endorsed.

College · Netherlands

Eerste Monteur Mechatronica bij ASML (First Mechanic Mechatronics, MBO level 3) ↗

Summa College / ASML

MBO level 3 work-based learning: 3 shift days at ASML + 1 day at Summa; EUR 2,549-2,800 gross/month, tuition reimbursed; 18+

Free vocational mechatronics programme with work in ASML cleanrooms in Veldhoven, starting September 2026.

Official page checked 2026-09-24. Listed, not reviewed or endorsed.

Industry academy · United States · open to career changers

Customer Support engineering careers and training centers ↗

ASML

On-the-job training plus months at ASML training centers (Taiwan, South Korea, Netherlands); 2+ year engineering development program in the US

Customer support engineers install and keep lithography systems running in customer fabs; open to early-career, industry specialists and veterans with transferrable skills.

Official page checked 2026-09-24. Listed, not reviewed or endorsed.

College · United States

Microelectronics Technology (MT) AAS ↗

Portland Community College

2-year associate degree

Trains semiconductor technicians; page cites graduate starting salaries of $56,000-$65,000 and paid part-time internships with Intel, Lam Research and others.

Official page checked 2026-09-24. Listed, not reviewed or endorsed.

College · United States

Semiconductor careers pathway (Electro-Mechanical Engineering Technology) ↗

Columbus State Community College

Associate degree (Electro-Mechanical Engineering Technology)

Automation and process-control training approved as an education option for semiconductor jobs at Intel's Ohio fab and other chipmakers.

Official page checked 2026-09-24. Listed, not reviewed or endorsed.

College · South Korea · open to career changers

Semiconductor Convergence Campus (반도체융합캠퍼스) ↗

Korea Polytechnics

2-year degree programmes; state-funded free vocational training courses; Hi-Tech course for college graduates

Departments in semiconductor process equipment, equipment development/software, measurement, test and packaging; runs re-employment courses incl. for middle-aged and women returners.

Official page checked 2026-09-24. Listed, not reviewed or endorsed.

College · United States

Semiconductor Maintenance Technician (SMT.S.CRT) ↗

Sinclair College

Certificate, 37 credit hours

Installing, maintaining and troubleshooting industrial machinery incl. semiconductor fab tools; includes vacuum system technology.

Official page checked 2026-09-24. Listed, not reviewed or endorsed.

College · United States

Semiconductor Cleanroom Maintenance Technology ↗

Lorain County Community College

One-year technical certificate

Prepares entry-level cleanroom maintenance technicians for semiconductor manufacturing.

Official page checked 2026-09-24. Listed, not reviewed or endorsed.

University · United States

Master's in Power Systems Engineering Online (MEng) ↗

Worcester Polytechnic Institute

Online, 30 graduate credit hours

Prepares electrical engineers for utility practice; engineers from other disciplines may succeed with AC circuits and maths background.

Official page checked 2026-09-24. Listed, not reviewed or endorsed.

University · United Kingdom

MSc Electrical Power Systems Engineering ↗

The University of Manchester

12 months full-time, in person

Power systems and high-voltage engineering MSc using Manchester's High Voltage Lab.

Official page checked 2026-09-24. Listed, not reviewed or endorsed.

Industry academy · United States

Siemens Mechatronic Systems Certification Program (SMSCP) ↗

Siemens

Three certification levels (Assistant, Associate, Professional) via partner schools

Systems-based mechatronics troubleshooting training derived from the German dual system.

Official page checked 2026-09-24. Listed, not reviewed or endorsed.

Apprenticeship · Germany

Ausbildung Mechatroniker (w/m/d) ↗

Siemens AG

3.5 years (42 months); paid (min. EUR 1,065.59 gross/month in year 1)

Mechanics, sensors, drive systems, automation and 3D printing; maintaining and optimising production systems.

Official page checked 2026-09-24. Listed, not reviewed or endorsed.

Apprenticeship · United States

FAME Advanced Manufacturing Technician (AMT) program ↗

FAME USA (Federation for Advanced Manufacturing Education)

Paid work/study: classes 2 days/week at a community college + at least 24 hours/week at a sponsor; earns an associate degree

Earn-and-learn advanced manufacturing / maintenance technician pathway offered in chapters across many US states.

Official page checked 2026-09-24. Listed, not reviewed or endorsed.

Online · United States

SME Certified Additive Manufacturing Technician (CAMT) ↗

SME / America Makes (Manufacturing USA)

Certification exam

Credential built with America Makes covering the seven AM technologies, processes, material selection and post-processing.

Official page checked 2026-09-24. Listed, not reviewed or endorsed.

Public programme · Japan · open to career changers

Polytech Center (職業能力開発促進センター) job-seeker vocational training ↗

JEED (Japan Organization for Employment of the Elderly, Persons with Disabilities and Job Seekers)

Public vocational training for job seekers and in-service workers

National public training centres focused on manufacturing (machinery, electrical, electronics) to support re-employment.

Official page checked 2026-09-24. Listed, not reviewed or endorsed.

Who holds it, and where they hire