Skip to content
Substrata
Join

Rare earths: who produces it, who holds it

Mine production by country, 2025, and reserves, from USGS (Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (February 2026)). Shares, ranks and concentration are computed from those rows.

On the map → · Download CSV · Source table ↗

Concentration of mine production: How this is computedSum of the squares of each producer’s share of world output (0–1).Method →Code → on the Herfindahl index over the countries listed individually (a single supplier would score one).

CountryMine production, 2025 (tonnes)2024Share · rankReserves (tonnes)Share · rankExport restrictions
ChinaSourcedUSGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (February 2026): Rare earths · 2025Open the source →270,000How this is computedA place's annual production ÷ the published world total, same unit and year.Method →Code → How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →44,000,000 How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →1
United StatesSourcedUSGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (February 2026): Rare earths · 2025Open the source →45,500How this is computedA place's annual production ÷ the published world total, same unit and year.Method →Code → How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →1,900,000 How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →—
AustraliaSourcedUSGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (February 2026): Rare earths · 2025Open the source →29,000How this is computedA place's annual production ÷ the published world total, same unit and year.Method →Code → How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →6,300,000 How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →—
BurmaSourcedUSGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (February 2026): Rare earths · 2025Open the source →27,000How this is computedA place's annual production ÷ the published world total, same unit and year.Method →Code → How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →not available—8
ThailandSourcedUSGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (February 2026): Rare earths · 2025Open the source →2,100How this is computedA place's annual production ÷ the published world total, same unit and year.Method →Code → How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →not available——
IndiaSourcedUSGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (February 2026): Rare earths · 2025Open the source →2,900How this is computedA place's annual production ÷ the published world total, same unit and year.Method →Code → How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →not available—2
MadagascarSourcedUSGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (February 2026): Rare earths · 2025Open the source →1,400How this is computedA place's annual production ÷ the published world total, same unit and year.Method →Code → How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →not available—2
RussiaSourcedUSGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (February 2026): Rare earths · 2025Open the source →2,600How this is computedA place's annual production ÷ the published world total, same unit and year.Method →Code → How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →3,800,000 How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →1
BrazilSourcedUSGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (February 2026): Rare earths · 2025Open the source →560How this is computedA place's annual production ÷ the published world total, same unit and year.Method →Code → How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →11,000,000 How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →1
NigeriaSourcedUSGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (February 2026): Rare earths · 2025Open the source →1,500How this is computedA place's annual production ÷ the published world total, same unit and year.Method →Code → How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →not available——
VietnamSourcedUSGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (February 2026): Rare earths · 2025Open the source →300How this is computedA place's annual production ÷ the published world total, same unit and year.Method →Code → How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →3,500,000 How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →—
MalaysiaSourcedUSGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (February 2026): Rare earths · 2025Open the source →140How this is computedA place's annual production ÷ the published world total, same unit and year.Method →Code → How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →710,000 How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →—
Greenlandnonenone—1,500,000 How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →—
Tanzanianonenone—890,000 How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →—
South Africanonenone—860,000 How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →—
Canadanonenone—830,000 How this is computedPosition of a country when the countries USGS lists individually are sorted by the same column, largest first; equal values share a rank.Method →Code →—

World total 2025: 390,000 tonnes; reserves: more than 75,000,000 tonnes. Countries USGS or EIA fold into “other countries” are not listed or ranked. USGS reserves: the part of an identified resource that could be economically extracted or produced at the time of determination (MCS Appendix C). Roughly proved + probable; not the broader resource. USGS, Mineral Commodity Summaries 2026 (February 2026): Rare earths, table “World Mine Production and Reserves”, read 2026-09-25.

Export restrictions on rare earths

OECD Inventory of Export Restrictions on Critical Raw Materials (2024 data). About 80 exporting countries. A country or resource with no row is not recorded in the inventory, which is not the same as unrestricted. OECD Data Explorer ↗