Global Resource Map – Location, Production, and Supply-Chain Connections

Constraints and changes, as the sources state them

• “China, Russia, Australia, Canada, and the United States were the leading gold producers, in descending order of production, and together accounted for 41% of estimated global production in 2025.” USGS ↗

Not in the sources read: producers (no USGS country chapter read, corpus) · export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Who produces it

• ExxonMobil — Liquid helium (He-4), mine / extract (sourced)
• Air Products — Liquid helium (He-4), refine (unverified)
• Linde — Liquid helium (He-4), refine (sourced)

Constraints and changes, as the sources state them

• “In 2025, six new helium operations (three in New Mexico and one each in Colorado, Kansas, and Montana) began producing helium in the United States.” USGS ↗
• “The European Union and the United States sanctions that imposed an import ban on helium from Russia continued into 2025.” USGS ↗

Not in the sources read: export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Not in the sources read: producers (no USGS country chapter read, corpus) · constraints or changes (USGS, accepted events) · export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Not in the sources read: producers (no USGS country chapter read, corpus) · constraints or changes (USGS, accepted events) · export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Who produces it

• MP Materials — Didymium (Nd-Pr) metal, magnet feed, mine / extract (unverified)

Constraints and changes, as the sources state them

• 2026-06-14 Energy Fuels begins converting White Mesa to commercial dysprosium and terbium production from July. Source ↗

Not in the sources read: export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Constraints and changes, as the sources state them

• “U.S. apparent consumption of phosphate rock in 2025 was estimated to be 7% lower than that in 2024, owing to a decrease in the production of phosphoric acid.” USGS ↗
• “Global production of phosphate rock was estimated to be 5% higher than that in 2024, with China, Morocco, the United States, and Russia, in descending order of production, remaining the leading producers.” USGS ↗
• “In October 2025, the U.S. Bureau of Land Management approved a new phosphate rock mine in Caribou County, ID.” USGS ↗
• “On November 7, 2025, the U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals was published in the Federal Register (90 FR 50494).” USGS ↗
• “The changes in the 2025 list from the prior list published in 2022 (87 FR 10381) were the addition of copper, lead, potash, rhenium, silicon, and silver, based on the U.S. Geological Survey updated methodology for the 2025 list.” USGS ↗
• “As required by the Energy Act, public comment and interagency input were requested in response to the draft U.S. list of critical minerals published in the Federal Register (90 FR 41591).” USGS ↗

Not in the sources read: producers (no USGS country chapter read, corpus) · export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Not in the sources read: producers (no USGS country chapter read, corpus) · constraints or changes (USGS, accepted events) · export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Not in the sources read: producers (no USGS country chapter read, corpus) · constraints or changes (USGS, accepted events) · export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Constraints and changes, as the sources state them

• “In 2025, production of copper was affected by concentrator shutdowns and lower ore grades at multiple mines in the United States.” USGS ↗
• “Analysts attributed the increase primarily to uncertainty regarding the implementation of tariffs on U.S. imports of copper materials.” USGS ↗
• “On November 7, 2025, the U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals was published in the Federal Register (90 FR 50494).” USGS ↗
• “The changes in the 2025 list from the prior list published in 2022 (87 FR 10381) were the addition of copper, lead, potash, rhenium, silicon, and silver, based on the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) updated methodology for the 2025 list.” USGS ↗
• “As required by the Energy Act, public comment and interagency input were requested in response to the draft U.S. list of critical minerals published in the Federal Register (90 FR 41591).” USGS ↗

Not in the sources read: producers (no USGS country chapter read, corpus) · export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Constraints and changes, as the sources state them

• “On November 7, 2025, the U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals was published in the Federal Register (90 FR 50494).” USGS ↗
• “The changes in the 2025 list from the prior list published in 2022 (87 FR 10381) were the addition of copper, lead, potash, rhenium, silicon, and silver, based on the U.S. Geological Survey updated methodology for the 2025 list.” USGS ↗
• “As required by the Energy Act, public comment and interagency input were requested in response to the draft U.S. list of critical minerals published in the Federal Register (90 FR 41591).” USGS ↗

Not in the sources read: producers (no USGS country chapter read, corpus) · export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Not in the sources read: producers (no USGS country chapter read, corpus) · constraints or changes (USGS, accepted events) · export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Who produces it

• Cleveland-Cliffs — Grain-oriented electrical steel (GOES), convert (sourced)

Constraints and changes, as the sources state them

• “On November 7, 2025, the U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals was published in the Federal Register (90 FR 50494).” USGS ↗
• “The changes in the 2025 list from the prior list published in 2022 (87 FR 10381) were the addition of copper, lead, potash, rhenium, silicon, and silver, based on the U.S. Geological Survey updated methodology for the 2025 list.” USGS ↗
• “As required by the Energy Act, public comment and interagency input were requested in response to the draft U.S. list of critical minerals published in the Federal Register (90 FR 41591).” USGS ↗

Not in the sources read: export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Constraints and changes, as the sources state them

• “The average prices, f.a.s., for U.S. imports for consumption of crude dry bauxite and metallurgical-grade alumina during the first 8 months of 2025 were $31 per ton and $595 per ton, respectively, 4% and 9% more than those in the same period in 2024.” USGS ↗
• “In January, an Austrian multinational aluminum refractories producer acquired full control of a United States manufacturer of monolithic alumina refractories serving the aluminum, cement, petrochemical, and steel industries.” USGS ↗

Not in the sources read: producers (no USGS country chapter read, corpus) · export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Constraints and changes, as the sources state them

• “The last U.S. primary nickel refinery, the Port Nickel facility in Louisiana, ceased operations in 1985.” USGS ↗
• “A 2022 U.S. Geological Survey study estimated that global seabed deposits contain approximately 4. billion tons of nickel.” USGS ↗

Not in the sources read: producers (no USGS country chapter read, corpus) · export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Constraints and changes, as the sources state them

• “Uncertainty in supply availability following the announcement of the Congo (Kinshasa) export ban likely contributed to the sharp increase in estimated United States imports and industry stocks during the year.” USGS ↗
• “In 2025, the United States published a solicitation to procure 7,480 tons of cobalt over a period of 5 years for the National Defense Stockpile.” USGS ↗

Not in the sources read: producers (no USGS country chapter read, corpus) · export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Constraints and changes, as the sources state them

• “In 2022, U.S. apparent consumption of natural graphite reached its highest level since 1978 and remained elevated through 2025.” USGS ↗
• “In December 2024, a group of graphite producers based in North America submitted a petition asking the U.S. Department of Commerce (DOC) and the U.S. International Trade Commission (ITC) to review China’s trade practices involving graphite active anode material (AAM).” USGS ↗
• “The ITC determined that AAM from China was likely being sold at less than fair market value in the United States.” USGS ↗
• “The leading recipients of SPG from China in the first 9 months of 2025 were the Republic of Korea (40%), Indonesia (33%), Japan (16%), and the United States (11%).” USGS ↗
• “Five companies were considering or developing graphite-mining projects in the United States: two in Alabama, one in Alaska, one in Montana, and one in New York.” USGS ↗
• “SPG was produced in the United States by two companies in Illinois and Louisiana.” USGS ↗
• “At least eight other companies were considering SPG plants in the United States.” USGS ↗

Not in the sources read: producers (no USGS country chapter read, corpus) · export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Who produces it

• Indium Corporation — High-purity tin, EUV droplet grade, convert (sourced)

Constraints and changes, as the sources state them

• “In March 2025, under section 232 of the Trade Expansion Act, the United States increased tariffs on imported aluminum products to 25%, aligning with existing 25% tariffs on steel products, and ended all previously existing country-specific exemptions.” USGS ↗
• “Steel products affected by these tariffs included varieties of tinplate with Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States codes 7210.11.0000, 7210.12.0000, and 7212.10.0000.” USGS ↗
• “In 2025, a U.S. company with existing tin operations based in Coatesville, PA, advanced plans to establish a vertically integrated tin supply chain.” USGS ↗
• “In late 2024, the company was awarded $19 million from the U.S. Department of War under the Defense Production Act, Title III, to support the development of a domestic tin smelting, refining, and recycling facility.” USGS ↗

Not in the sources read: export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Constraints and changes, as the sources state them

• “Imports of gallium metal, GaAs wafers, and domestic production of GaAs and GaN wafers continued to account for all U.S. consumption of gallium.” USGS ↗
• “In November 2025, China lifted its ban on gallium exports to the United States for 1 year.” USGS ↗
• “This followed the Government of China’s gallium export controls implemented in August 2023 and China’s ban of all gallium exports to the United States in December 2024.” USGS ↗
• “In September, the U.S. Department of Energy announced as much as $6 million in funding for domestic research and development projects to help establish a domestic supply chain for gallium.” USGS ↗
• “In November, the U.S. Department of War, under the Defense Production Act, Title III, granted a $29. million award to a U.S. company to develop a demonstration facility in Louisiana that will recover gallium and scandium from industrial waste.” USGS ↗

Not in the sources read: producers (no USGS country chapter read, corpus) · export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Constraints and changes, as the sources state them

• “In 2025, U.S. synthetic-industrial-diamond producers did not manufacture any diamond stone.” USGS ↗
• “In 2025, China was the leading producing country of synthetic industrial diamond, followed by the United States and Russia, in descending order of quantity.” USGS ↗
• “The United States is likely to continue to be one of the world’s leading markets for industrial diamond into the next decade and is expected to remain a significant producer of synthetic industrial diamond as well.” USGS ↗
• “U.S. demand for industrial diamond is likely to be strong in the construction sector as the United States continues building, milling, and repairing the Nation’s highway system.” USGS ↗

Not in the sources read: producers (no USGS country chapter read, corpus) · export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Constraints and changes, as the sources state them

• “At the end of 2024, the United States, under section 301(b) of the Trade Act of 1974, increased tariffs to 50% on several tungsten products from China, and in February 2025 China implemented new export controls on selected tungsten items.” USGS ↗
• “In Canada and the United States, multiple projects received awards under the Defense Production Act, Title III, including projects in Nevada, New Brunswick, and Yukon.” USGS ↗
• “In October, a joint venture between Kazakhstan and the United States to develop tungsten resources was announced.” USGS ↗

Not in the sources read: producers (no USGS country chapter read, corpus) · export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Constraints and changes, as the sources state them

• “Excluding U.S. production, worldwide lithium production in 2025 increased by 31% to approximately 290,000 tons from 222,000 tons in 2024 in response to strong demand from the lithium-ion battery market, high lithium prices from 2021 to early 2023, and an increase in global lithium production capacity.” USGS ↗
• “For fixed contracts, the annual average U.S. lithium carbonate price was $9,000 per ton in 2025, a decrease of 31% from that in 2024.” USGS ↗
• “Additionally, smaller operations in Argentina, Brazil, China, Portugal, and the United States also contributed to world lithium production.” USGS ↗
• “Despite some lithium producers reducing output or expansion projects being postponed in 2025 owing to low prices, significant production capacity expansions took place in Argentina, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Mali, the United States, and Zimbabwe.” USGS ↗
• “Brine-based lithium sources were in various stages of development or exploration in Argentina, Bolivia, Canada, Chile, China, and the United States; mineral-based lithium sources were in various stages of development or exploration in Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, China, Congo (Kinshasa), Czechia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Germany, Ghana, India, Iran, Kazakhstan, Mali, Namibia, Nigeria, Peru, Portugal, Russia, Rwanda, Serbia, Spain, Thailand, Turkey, the United Kingdom, the United States, and Zimbabwe; lithium-clay sources were in various stages of development or exploration in Mexico and the United States.” USGS ↗

Not in the sources read: producers (no USGS country chapter read, corpus) · export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Constraints and changes, as the sources state them

• “In 2024, the average monthly antimony price nearly doubled from $9. per pound in August to $18. per pound in December after China announced export restrictions on antimony in August and then banned all exports of antimony to the United States in December.” USGS ↗
• “The company was conditionally awarded $80 million of funding from the U.S. Department of War to reestablish a domestic source of antimony.” USGS ↗

Not in the sources read: producers (no USGS country chapter read, corpus) · export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.

Who produces it

• Wacker Chemie — Electronic-grade polysilicon, refine (sourced)
• Hemlock Semiconductor — Electronic-grade polysilicon, refine (sourced)

Constraints and changes, as the sources state them

• “According to industry publications, the January through October 2025 average U.S. price for silicon metal was about 21% less than the annual average price in 2024, and the average U.S. price for 75%-grade ferrosilicon was about 3% more than the annual average price in 2024.” USGS ↗
• “In April, the U.S. International Trade Commission determined that a United States industry was materially injured by imports of ferrosilicon (subheadings 7202. and 7202. of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the United States) from Brazil, Kazakhstan, and Malaysia and issued countervailing and antidumping duty orders on imports of ferrosilicon from those countries.” USGS ↗
• “This followed the U.S. Department of Commerce’s determination that ferrosilicon had been sold at less than fair value and was subsidized by the Governments of Brazil, Kazakhstan, and Malaysia.” USGS ↗
• “On November 7, 2025, the U.S. Final 2025 List of Critical Minerals was published in the Federal Register (90 FR 50494).” USGS ↗
• “The changes in the 2025 list from the prior list published in 2022 (87 FR 10381) were the addition of copper, lead, potash, rhenium, silicon, and silver, based on the U.S. Geological Survey updated methodology for the 2025 list.” USGS ↗
• “As required by the Energy Act, public comment and interagency input were requested in response to the draft U.S. list of critical minerals published in the Federal Register (90 FR 41591).” USGS ↗
• 2026-09-05 Wacker’s 600-worker Charleston polysilicon plant may close after a US trade measure drove off both its customers. Source ↗
• 2026-07-28 OCI Holdings plans to double polysilicon production capacity by 2029 to meet US demand. Primary source ↗

Not in the sources read: export restrictions (country not in the OECD 2024 inventory) · EU or US sanctions naming it.